Lab Skills
1.2.3 Gel Electrophoresis
Using Gel Electrophoresis, DNA analysis will be much simpler for crime scene investigations, paternity tests, or in general DNA analysis. First we take long chains of DNA we would like to compare, in our case a crime scene, and lay them out. Now, we use a restriction enzyme to divide the DNA into Restriction Fragment Length Polymers. HaeII the restriction enzyme we used that cuts the DNA between GG and CC. So every time this pattern occurs the restriction enzyme will cut the DNA. Now there are fragments of DNA call RFLPs that you will use Gel Electrophoresis to compare. The DNA is negatively charged and this plate of gel has a positive charge at the bottom. The negatively charged DNA is pulled through the gel in a straight column as it is attracted to the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments of DNA travel further through the gel, so we can compare many DNA strands effectively. We set up columns in the DNA Gel Electrophoresis so we can view each persons DNA in comparison to the one found at the crime scene.
Using Gel Electrophoresis, DNA analysis will be much simpler for crime scene investigations, paternity tests, or in general DNA analysis. First we take long chains of DNA we would like to compare, in our case a crime scene, and lay them out. Now, we use a restriction enzyme to divide the DNA into Restriction Fragment Length Polymers. HaeII the restriction enzyme we used that cuts the DNA between GG and CC. So every time this pattern occurs the restriction enzyme will cut the DNA. Now there are fragments of DNA call RFLPs that you will use Gel Electrophoresis to compare. The DNA is negatively charged and this plate of gel has a positive charge at the bottom. The negatively charged DNA is pulled through the gel in a straight column as it is attracted to the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments of DNA travel further through the gel, so we can compare many DNA strands effectively. We set up columns in the DNA Gel Electrophoresis so we can view each persons DNA in comparison to the one found at the crime scene.
2.1.1 Glucose Tolerance Testing
Glucose Tolerance Testing is an important element of diagnosing diabetes for health care professionals. In doing this test, we ask the patients to not eat or drink 12 hours before the test. Right before we test, we give them a sugary drink. In doing this test, we can figure out how the patient handles glucose and whether the patient has diabetes. Their blood is tested every 30 minutes and graphed and analysises are done. A patient that has glucose levels that go up and back down do not have diabetes. Their bodies handle the glucose effectively, while a patients glucose levels that go up and stay up are not handling glucose (the sugary drink) effectively. This leads us to see that the insulin that helps get rid of the blood sugar isn't working, or a patient has diabetes. This test is used to figure out whether a person has diabetes or not.
Glucose Tolerance Testing is an important element of diagnosing diabetes for health care professionals. In doing this test, we ask the patients to not eat or drink 12 hours before the test. Right before we test, we give them a sugary drink. In doing this test, we can figure out how the patient handles glucose and whether the patient has diabetes. Their blood is tested every 30 minutes and graphed and analysises are done. A patient that has glucose levels that go up and back down do not have diabetes. Their bodies handle the glucose effectively, while a patients glucose levels that go up and stay up are not handling glucose (the sugary drink) effectively. This leads us to see that the insulin that helps get rid of the blood sugar isn't working, or a patient has diabetes. This test is used to figure out whether a person has diabetes or not.
1.3.2 HIPAA
HIPAA Laws, or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act really gives a standard of protection for the patient. In most cases any health information is not to be shared. There is no reason for any information to be disclosed without reason, and doctors can get in huge trouble for doing so. These laws are realistic in that nobody should be concerned about medical issues by the individual. Doctors are allowed to talk about a patient or case if it is a threat to public safety, with consent from patient, or between doctors in a closed environment. People have a right to privacy and HIPAA laws, so they were really created for the better, and protection of individuals.
HIPAA Laws, or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act really gives a standard of protection for the patient. In most cases any health information is not to be shared. There is no reason for any information to be disclosed without reason, and doctors can get in huge trouble for doing so. These laws are realistic in that nobody should be concerned about medical issues by the individual. Doctors are allowed to talk about a patient or case if it is a threat to public safety, with consent from patient, or between doctors in a closed environment. People have a right to privacy and HIPAA laws, so they were really created for the better, and protection of individuals.
2.2.4 Calorimetry
When you eat food, the body disassembles it piece by piece, into macromolecules and converting parts of it into energy. We can measure how much energy certain foods have using Calorimetry. The calories in food are listed in the food labels, and one calorie is measured as the amount of energy needed to increase 1 kg of water 1 degree C. Calorimetry can be measured by burning food and finding the change in temperature of water from the energy given off by the burning food. This process and apparatus is called calorimeter. This is very important measuring food's calories and keeping on the regular 2000 calorie a day diet, for healthy people, and especially diabetics.
When you eat food, the body disassembles it piece by piece, into macromolecules and converting parts of it into energy. We can measure how much energy certain foods have using Calorimetry. The calories in food are listed in the food labels, and one calorie is measured as the amount of energy needed to increase 1 kg of water 1 degree C. Calorimetry can be measured by burning food and finding the change in temperature of water from the energy given off by the burning food. This process and apparatus is called calorimeter. This is very important measuring food's calories and keeping on the regular 2000 calorie a day diet, for healthy people, and especially diabetics.
1.1.2 Crime Scene Investigation
Crime Scene Investigation is a large part of what biomedical sciences look into. It is especially important because there are high stakes for what goes on at a crime scene, whether it is a murder, or an unsolved mystery like Anna Garcia. It is extremely important to do five main things at a crime scene. First, you must draw a sketch precise and helpful in solving your crime scene. Along with that, make sure actual photographs are taken, and examine all evidence and surroundings. Then, interview anyone involved, and collect evidence. Forensic scientists need this key information to process and crime scene, and the investigation is the most important part.
Crime Scene Investigation is a large part of what biomedical sciences look into. It is especially important because there are high stakes for what goes on at a crime scene, whether it is a murder, or an unsolved mystery like Anna Garcia. It is extremely important to do five main things at a crime scene. First, you must draw a sketch precise and helpful in solving your crime scene. Along with that, make sure actual photographs are taken, and examine all evidence and surroundings. Then, interview anyone involved, and collect evidence. Forensic scientists need this key information to process and crime scene, and the investigation is the most important part.
4.1.2 Anatomy of the Heart
The heart is a vital organ in the body and is extremely important to study. The understanding of the human heart and any mammal's heart provides basis for the cardiovascular system analysis. Identifying parts of the heart upon dissection will help with the understanding of all blood flow. Major arteries and veins to and from the heart include the Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, and the Pulmonary Artery. Describing blood flow through the heart is a skill necessary to biomedical science. The understanding creates many possibilities to fixing life threatening problems in the cardiovascular system.
The heart is a vital organ in the body and is extremely important to study. The understanding of the human heart and any mammal's heart provides basis for the cardiovascular system analysis. Identifying parts of the heart upon dissection will help with the understanding of all blood flow. Major arteries and veins to and from the heart include the Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, and the Pulmonary Artery. Describing blood flow through the heart is a skill necessary to biomedical science. The understanding creates many possibilities to fixing life threatening problems in the cardiovascular system.
4.2.1 Heart Rate
Being able to find a heart rate is a necessary medical skill, being one of the key vital signs. The heart rate leads doctors to recognize any problems that may be occurring in the heart, by calculating how hard the heart is working. Finding the heart rate by hand or with a software is a necessary tool in any medical profession. By hand, you can find either the Carotid pulse (on the neck) or Radial pulse (on the wrist). The heart rate can also be calculated using a software like Logger Pro and Vernier which provides a more accurate measure. Either way of measuring heart rate is necessary for diagnosis and monitoring the heart in biomedical sciences.
Being able to find a heart rate is a necessary medical skill, being one of the key vital signs. The heart rate leads doctors to recognize any problems that may be occurring in the heart, by calculating how hard the heart is working. Finding the heart rate by hand or with a software is a necessary tool in any medical profession. By hand, you can find either the Carotid pulse (on the neck) or Radial pulse (on the wrist). The heart rate can also be calculated using a software like Logger Pro and Vernier which provides a more accurate measure. Either way of measuring heart rate is necessary for diagnosis and monitoring the heart in biomedical sciences.
5.1.4 Gram Staining
Gram staining is one of the basic steps to identifying all basic types of bacteria effectively. In order to accurately use the "Gram Stain", there are necessary and specific precautions to follow: for example, the time dye can be left on the slide. These specific instructions are difficult to many, so gram staining can be difficult. After the stain is done, one must be able to identify the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Gram positive bacteria will be a purple color, as the outer lipid layer absorbs the die. Gram negative bacteria will subsequently look pink. This skill is necessary to identifying any bacteria a biomedical professional will ever encounter.
Gram staining is one of the basic steps to identifying all basic types of bacteria effectively. In order to accurately use the "Gram Stain", there are necessary and specific precautions to follow: for example, the time dye can be left on the slide. These specific instructions are difficult to many, so gram staining can be difficult. After the stain is done, one must be able to identify the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Gram positive bacteria will be a purple color, as the outer lipid layer absorbs the die. Gram negative bacteria will subsequently look pink. This skill is necessary to identifying any bacteria a biomedical professional will ever encounter.